This paper is a defense for intertwined relationship of economics and ethics or more specifically, of positive aspects of economics and normative ones. To show this, a detailed historical survey of the relationship from the ancient Greek up to Lionel Robbins is presented. A more attention is paid to the position of economics within the premodern structure of sciences and the map of practical sciences therein. Even after that increasing growth of the content of moral philosophy or ethics and the push for specialization gave birth to the economics, it is observed, throughout the whole classic period and the early neoclassic, that economists unanimously believe in simultaneous study of positive and normative issues in economics.The point emphasized by the author is that the impression that positive-normative Distinction is based on fact-value Distinction (and the well known first theorem of Hume) is against what historical study shows; furthermore it could lead us to a theoretical dead end. The factvalue Distinction is a latecomer in the philosophy of social sciences; while the life of positive-normative Distinction could be traced back to the ancient Greek without causing the normative concerns put away or omitted.

Introduction: Research has shown that students face situations in which they cannot meet their needs and need the help of others to do their exercises. The present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting students' help-seeking at both the student and parent levels. Methods: In this correlation study, 400 female the first round of high school students in the seventh and eighth grades in the academic year 2019-2020 were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from 16 classes in different schools in Yazd. Students completed the Rya and Pintrich Help-seeking Questionnaire and the Student and Parental Achievement Goal Orientation Questionnaire Midgley et al. In the present study, two-level analyses (student and parents) and HLM software were used to analyze the data. Results: Findings from multilevel analysis and according to the unconditional model revealed that27% of the variance of help-seeking was explained by family-level factors and 73% by student-level factors, which indicates sufficient variability of the dependent variable between different levels and application, but with the entry of student and family level predictors and examining their relationship with the dependent variable, the rate of explanation in the complete model for student level variables to 6% and the family level to 18% changed. At the student level, the variables of mastery and performance-avoidance goal orientation significantly predicted help-seeking (P<0. 001). Parents’ mastery and performance goal orientation at the family level was a significant predictor for help-seeking at this level (P<0. 001). Conclusion: Due to the positive significance of parental mastery goal orientation, it is appropriate to provide conditions in families for students to emphasize mastery goal orientation and seek help in the face of complex learning tasks.

Introduction: Every living being requires food, energy, and nutrition to survive and preserve their life and health. Experiences related to food and nutrition along with its biological role have gained economic, social, and cultural dimensions within the contemporary urban life. Studying food-related experiences within its social dimension is so significant that it has led to the formation of a new area of study called sociology of food and nutrition during the last few years. The present evidence in Iran shows that Tabrizi citizens are also increasing the share of takeaway food in their consumption pattern, which is parallel to the general course of changes occurring in this area across the world or metropolitan cities of the country. The present study was conducted with the purpose of examining certain social dimensions related to takeaway food consumption pattern among Tabrizi citizens...

Ethics and feqh are two Islamic sciences. Many scholars have tried to introduce their Distinctions. It, however, seems that the most difference in the field lies in intention and motivation as basis in ethics but in feqh only in worships, though in this case also ethical motivation is of higher effect than feqhi intention. In fact, in feqh the conditions for the correctness of actions have been offered while in ethics the conditions of their being accepted. The former notices the appearance of action and thereof its being correct or incorrect, the latter, however, notices its depth as being a scale for purity of intention and motivation. Being of courage and intention to sin in leaving unlawfuls and in the case of kinlling somebody proposedly, when spilled in vain, can be counted as cases for the difference.

In the lranian Civil Law, like French law, contract agreement is one kind of hire or personal employement. But there are some contracts that their nature is near sale. Sale is a contract for transfering the possession of objects, but transfering the possession of interest is subject to hire agreements. In contracts that contractor undertakes to work, also presents materials, therefore we confuse between the nature of sale and contract agreements. For Distinction between these two agrements, authors suggest several criteri: 1. Some scholars put this contract in sale category, 2. Some, accept complex contract in this case, 3.The other believe that this contract is always Contract agreement and 4.The last solution is consideration of the intention of client from agreemts or, 5.Consideration of the economical value of the work and materials or finding primal engagement. Each criterion has some limitations. It seems in the first step that we must distinguish the primal obligation and if we couldnt find it, must define the contract as an inspesific contract.

The referral of individuals to the courts is often the main right to bring proceedings in the nature and claim of the original right, but sometimes there are cases where the purpose of the reference is not to obtain a ruling, but to refer to the right to secure the right to secure, a right which, prior to the issuance and Or the execution of a vote is at risk of destruction. Sometimes, the goal is to put the security reason behind the difficulty of using it in the future. On this basis, in the Iranian legal system, there are three legal entities that are in line with these goals Legislators have been recognized: interim orders, supply requests, reason supply. Interim orders and requests for custody are among the precautionary measures in the Civil Procedure Code, which usually will not be a problem if they are issued and enforced in the future. An application for interim and interim orders can be filed before the lawsuit is filed, filed a lawsuit or filed. There are similarities between these two entities, the existence of these similarities should not create the impression that the role of these two entities is the same because, despite the existing similarities, there are some important differences between the two entities which makes them distinct. In this research, in the form of three chapters and conclusions, the first chapter of supply is requested and in the second chapter, the interim order will be explained, and in the third chapter, we will discuss the means of differentiating these two and finally concluding.

Some analytic philosophers have argued that in order to have a genuine Distinction the border line should have a completely a priori specified place. This condition has been suggested by some philosophers (e.g. Putnam) to argue that the sharp line between observational terms and theoretical terms is completely “broken-back” since the line is not fixed. This camp, which we label anti-dichotomists, have tried to show that arbitrarily-drawn boundaries do not have any benefit, so it is absurd to add them to our conceptual frameworks. On the other hand, dichotomists believe that although each person can draw this boundary in a different place, it finally exists somewhere and can perform a wide variety of tasks. In this paper, first, we argue even if a Distinction cannot be sharply drawn, one cannot conclude that the problem, for its solution the Distinction was proposed, is not a genuine problem. The border is useful when and only when it serves some purposes. Second, by appealing to some of Van Fraassen’s insights, namely the “aim of science”, we shall argue that this Distinction serves some purposes and thus it is wise to stick to it. In general, it does not matter that a border is fixed or not, it just matters if it matters or not.

Although the concept of wandering has not been applied popularly in Iran, it could explain many cultural phenomena. The present article first outlines the history of wandering and it’s used meaning. Then, it describes a form of wandering as the distinctive lifestyle of urban subordinate groups in the shopping centers. The result of this article has been obtained by employing qualitative methods and through interviews and observation.The authors believe that shopping centers create a certain lifestyle for urban middle class people through the purchase and consumption of goods. At the same time, wandering in its used meaning in Iran has formed the lifestyle of lower class groups.